Chemistry lab or chemistry laboratory is essential to build up the skills in different fields of chemistry as well as relevant fields. Basic Chemistry laboratory includes knowing the basic terms, safety issues, and conducting experimental matters at the chemistry lab. It focuses on the various techniques during the chemistry lab operations. The chemical laboratory consists of various apparatus and equipment. There are various skills are necessary to conduct chemical lab operations.
A chemistry laboratory or chemical laboratory is a crucial place for learners, researchers, and professionals to conduct a lot of experiments in the field of chemistry. It is possible to invent various new substances from here. It is an ideal place to learn deeply about various chemistry-related theories.
What is a chemistry laboratory?
A chemistry laboratory or chemical laboratory is a place that consists of various equipment, chemicals, and apparatus for the preparation of various samples and standards for various analyses of liquid and solid samples. A lot of chemistry-related experiments are conducted at this place. They are mostly found in schools, universities, industries, and testing institutions.
Chemistry laboratory importance
A chemistry lab or chemical lab is a place where scientific or technological research, experiments, and various measurements can be performed. It broadens our research knowledge. It gives clear chemical concepts, view changes in matter, and acquire proper scientific skills in a good atmosphere
Chemistry laboratory apparatus
There are many apparatus used in chemistry lab or chemical lab namely beaker, funnel, conical flask, burette, test tube, pipette, volumetric flask, spatula, dropper, measuring cylinder, tongs, brushes for test tube, etc.
Chemistry laboratory equipment
There are various types of equipment used in chemistry laboratory namely electric balance, hot plate magnetic stirrer, centrifugal machine, pH meter, lab oven, refrigerator, Bunsen burner, melting point apparatus, etc.
Chemistry laboratory safety rules
There are many rules in the chemistry labs or chemical labs that must be followed. It must avoid the direct touch of chemicals in the chemistry lab. It must avoid take taste and smell of chemicals at the chemistry lab. It should avoid placing the container directly under your nose and inhaling the vapors. It must use the laboratory chemical hood at the chemistry lab to release of toxic chemical vapors, dust, or gases.
Chemistry lab terms-related questions with answers
What is a solution in chemistry?
Answer:
Solution definition in chemistry
A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture consisting of two or more substances, referred to as solvent and solute. The solute substance is generally dissolved in the solvent. The quantity of solvent is larger than solute. The amount of solute in a solvent that is generally dissolved is called its solubility. A solution has various importance to conduct experiments in a chemistry lab.
Types of Solutions and Examples of Solutions
There are various types of solutions based on the states of solute and solvent types.
The solution can be a solid-solid type where the solute is solid and the solvent is also solid. Bronze and brass alloys are examples of solid-solid solutions.
The solution can be solid-liquid where the solute is solid and the liquid is solvent. Sugar, salt, etc in water are examples of solid-liquid solutions.
The solution can be solid-gas where the solid is solute and the solvent is gas. Iodine, camphor, etc into the air are examples of solid-gas solutions.
The solution can be liquid-solid where the liquid is solute and the solid is solvent. Hydrated salts, mercury in amalgamated zinc, etc. are examples of Liquid-solid solutions.
The solution can be liquid-liquid where liquid is solute and liquid is solvent. Alcohol in water and benzene in toluene are examples of liquid-liquid solutions.
The solution can be liquid-gas where the liquid is solute and the gas is solvent. Aerosol and water vapor in the air are examples of liquid-gas solutions.
The solution can be gas-liquid where gas is solute and the liquid is solvent. Aerated drinks are examples of gas-liquid solutions.
The solution can be gas-solid where gas is solute and solid is solvent. Hydrogen absorbed in palladium is an example of a gas-solid solution.
The solution can be gas-gas where gas is the solute and another gas acts as solvent. A mixture of gases, etc is an example of a gas-gas solution.
Characteristics of Solution
The solution is generally prepared by mixing a specific amount of solute and solvent. The solute and solvent exits as solid, liquid, and gaseous form.
What is a Solvent?
A solvent is any chemical substance used to dissolve various chemical substances to form a solution. It presents in the solution as the largest amount.
What is a solute?
A solute is any chemical substance that is dissolved in the solvent to form a solution. It presents in the solution as the lowest amount.
What is a primary standard substance in chemistry?
A primary standard substance is a substance that contains 99.9% purity and can be dissolved easily in a known volume of solvent to prepare the solution. It is very much used to prepare standard solutions containing exact concentrations at the chemistry lab.
Primary standard substance examples
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), Sodium oxalate (NaC2O4), Sodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7), Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), Potassium iodate (KI03), Potassium bromated (KbrO3), etc. are used very much at chemistry lab.
Characteristics of Primary Standard Substances
The primary standard substances show higher stability.
The purity of primary standard substances is very high.
They have an anhydrous character.
The primary standard substances can be weighed easily.
The molecular weight of primary standard substances is high.
They show less hygroscopic characteristics.
They are available in the market and nontoxic in nature.
The primary standard substances can be used easily in the chemistry lab.
What is a secondary standard substance in chemistry?
Answer:
Secondary standard substance definition
Secondary standard substances are substances that cannot be kept in an open state and they easily react with the components of air as well as with balance when they weigh.
Secondary standard substance examples
Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH), Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), etc. are used very much in chemistry lab.
Characteristics of secondary standard substance
Secondary standard substances have less purity.
Secondary standard substances are less stable in nature.
Secondary standard substances are more reactive in nature.
Secondary standard substances are used in the titration process against the primary standard at the chemistry lab..
Secondary standard substances are toxic in nature and expensive.
What is the difference between primary standard and secondary standard solutions?
Answer:
Difference between Primary and Secondary Standard Solutions
Definition
Primary Standard Solution: It is the solution prepared by mixing a specific amount of primary standard substances with a suitable solvent.
Secondary Standard Solution: It is the solution prepared by mixing a specific amount of secondary standard substances with a suitable solvent.
Purity
Primary Standard Solution: It contains about 99.9% purity.
Secondary Standard Solution: The purity of this solution is lower than the primary standard solution.
Reactivity
Primary Standard Solution: The reactivity of the primary standard solution is less than the secondary standard solution.
Secondary Standard Solution: The reactivity of the secondary standard solution is higher than the primary standard solution.
Water Absorption
Primary Standard Solution: The water absorption characteristic of the primary standard solution is lower.
Secondary Standard Solution: The water absorption characteristic of the secondary standard solution is higher.
Applications
Primary Standard Solution: This solution is very much used to standardize secondary standard solutions and other reagents at the chemistry lab.
Secondary Standard Solution: This solution is used to conduct various analytical experiments at the chemistry lab.
What is a standard solution in chemistry?
Answer:
Standard Solution Definition
A standard solution is one type of chemical solution whose concentration can be known accurately. A solute whose weight is known can be dissolved in a suitable solvent like distilled water to make up a specific volume for preparing a standard solution. This solution is used to determine the concentrations of various solutions by the method of titration at the chemistry lab.
Standard solution examples
1M sodium carbonate solution, 0.2M oxalic acid solution, 0.4M benzoic acid solution, 0.5M sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, etc are used very much in the chemistry lab.
Standard Solution Types
Standard solutions are two types namely primary standard solution and secondary standard solution.
Primary standard solutions are prepared by dissolving the primary standard chemicals with suitable solvents like distilled water. Primary standard solutions show 99.9% purity. They are not hygroscopic in nature. They are very much used in chemistry lab to standardize the secondary standard solution.
Secondary standard solutions are prepared by dissolving the secondary standard chemicals with suitable solvents like distilled water. The secondary standard solution does not show higher purity. They are very hygroscopic in nature. They are very much used in chemistry lab in various specific analytical instruments.
Standard solution properties
The standard solution contains higher stability. So the concentration of this solution remains unchanged over time.
The purity of standard solution does not change over time and the various impurities cannot be mixed with it quickly.
The concentration of this solution remains unchanged and the concentration of an unknown chemical can be calculated properly.
Preparation of standard solution
At first, it must calculate and weigh the correct amount of the required substance. Secondly, take the solid substance into a volumetric flask through a funnel. Thirdly, add the distilled water into the volumetric flask until reaches the required volume. Finally, homogenize the solution properly to make the standard solution for various purposes at the chemistry lab.
Standard solution uses
The standard solution contains high accuracy. As a result, standard solutions are very much used in chemistry lab to determine the unknown concentrations of various chemicals.
Standard solutions are prepared to measure the concentration of an unknown substance due to having high precision values.
Standard solutions are very important to calibrate the various lab instruments, and to verify the accuracy of measurements at the chemistry lab.
Standard solutions are essential during titrations to determine the concentration of an unknown substance in the chemistry lab.
Standard solutions are very much used in spectroscopy for identifying and quantifying substances by their absorption of light.
Standard solutions are very much used in chromatographic techniques for separating and identifying various substances.
What is titration?
Answer:
Titration definition in chemistry
Titration is a one-kind analytical technique used to measure the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting with a solution of known concentration at a chemistry lab. In this technique, the titrant whose concentration is known is added from a burette to a known quantity of the analyte of unknown concentrated solution taken in a conical flask until the completion of the reaction, causing a color change (the endpoint) due to the mix with the required indicator.
Types of Titration
There are various types of titrations depending on the goals and procedures. There exist acid-base titrations, redox titrations, precipitation titrations, and complexometric titrations. Among these types, redox titration and acid-base titration are mostly used for the purposes of quantitative chemical analysis in the chemistry lab.
Titration method
The titration method consists of setting up a Beaker or Erlenmeyer flask containing a definite known volume of analyte (unknown concentration) and a suitable color-change indicator. A burette or pipette is used to contain a known concentration of titrant which must be placed above the flask or beaker of an analyte. It must record the starting volume of the pipette or burette during titration. Then a few drops of suitable indicator are added and the titrant is dripped into the analyte until the reaction between the titrant and analyte is complete. The final volume of the burette solution must be recorded after changing the color at the endpoint of the reaction. Then the calculation process is used to determine the unknown concentration of the sample solution at the chemistry lab.
Titration Formula
A titration formula relates the way of finding the unknown concentration of one sample solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration. This technique is very much used on acid/base reactions. The titration formula for acid base titration reaction is given below:
Macid x Vacid = Mbase x Vbase
Where,
Macid represents the Molarity of acid
Vacid represents the volume of the acid
Mbase represents the Molarity of the base
Vbase represents the volume of the base
What is a titrand?
In analytical chemistry, titrand is any substance whose concentration can be determined easily by applying the technique of titration.
What is titrant?
In analytical chemistry, a titrant is any substance whose concentration is known and taken in a burette that is added to another solution to find out the concentration of a second chemical species containing an unknown concentration.
Example of titrant and titrand
For example, the acid-base titration of sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid, in which Na2CO3 is titrant and HCL is titrand.
Difference between titrant and titrand
The main difference between titrant and titrand is given below:
Titrant is one type of reagent whose concentration is known and it is filled in the burette, while titrand is one type of substance whose concentration is unknown and takes in the conical flask to allow the reaction at the chemistry lab.
What is a chemical indicator?
Answer:
Indicator definition in chemistry
An indicator is one type of chemical substance that has the ability to change color in the presence of an acid or base. The main source of indicators is various plant pigments. They are slightly acidic or basic in nature.
Examples of chemical indicator
Methyl orange, litmus, phenolphthalein, bromocresol green, methyl red, bromothymol blue, methyl yellow, turmeric, etc. are used very much in a chemistry lab.
Types of indicator
There are mainly two types of indicators namely natural indicator synthetic indicator, and olfactory indicator.
Natural indicator
Natural Indicators a type of chemical substance derived from nature and can determine whether the substance is an acidic substance or a basic substance.
Examples of natural indicator
Some common examples of natural indicators are litmus, turmeric, grape juice, turnip skin, red cabbage, curry powder, cherries, beetroots, onion, tomato, etc. are used widely to show the acidic or basic character of substances.
Applications of indicators
Indicators are used for the detection of endpoints of titrations.
Indicators are used at the chemistry lab to identify the various forms of chemical reactions.
Characteristics of Indicators in Chemistry
Indicators are weak acids or weak bases.
Indicators have the property of dissociating in solution easily.
What is Molarity?
Answer:
Molarity definition in chemistry
The molarity or molar concentration relates to the overall number of moles of solute present in a given solution per liter (not per liter of solvent). The molarity or molar concentration is generally represented by the letter “M”. It depends on the volume of the prepared solution but not the volume of the solvent. It is affected by changing pressure and temperature.
Molarity Formula
The following Molarity formula is used to calculate the Molarity of a solution:
Molarity (M) = n / V
Where,
“n” represents the number of moles of the solute in a given solution.
“V” represents the volume of solution in liters.
Unit of Molarity
The term molarity depends on the volume of the solution but not the volume of the solvent. The molarity of any solution is represented by the letter “M” and the SI unit of molarity is mole/liter.
Molarity Equation
The following equation is used to calculate the volume of an unknown solution from a known molarity solution:
V1S1 = V2S2
Where,
“S1” represents the initial molarity of the given solution,
“S2” represents the molarity of the new solution,
“V1” represents the initial volume of the given solution, and
“V2” represents the volume of the new solution.
What is Normality?
Answer:
Normality definition
Normality relates to the number of grams of solute equivalents present per liter of solution during the specific chemical process. It usually expresses the concentration of a solution which is abbreviated as ‘N’. This term is very much used to measure of reactive species in a solution, especially at the time of titration reactions, or involves the field of acid-base chemistry. In some cases, the units of Normality are expressed as eq.L-1 or meq L-1.
Normality Formula
Normality (N) = Number of Gram Equivalents / Volume of solution in liters
Here, Number of Gram Equivalents = Weight of Solute (in gm) × [Equivalent weight of solute]-1
Normality (N) = Weight of Solute (gram) × [Equivalent weight × Volume of the solution in liters]
Normality (N) = Molarity (M) × Molar mass / [Equivalent mass]-1
Normality (N) = Molarity (M) × the value of basicity = Molarity (M) × the value of acidity
Uses of Normality
It is used in the field of acid-base chemistry to calculate the value of concentrations.
It is used to calculate how many electrons a reducing or oxidizing chemical may accept or donate in redox chemical processes.
What are the differences between molarity and normality?
Answer:
Differences between Normality and Molarity
Definition
Normality: It defines the number of grams equivalent per liter of solution in the chemical process.
Molarity: It defines the number of moles of solute per liter of solution in the chemical process.
Units
Normality: The units of this term are N or eq L-1.
Molarity: The units of this term are M or Moles L-1.
Dependence on the Reaction
Normality: It depends on the type of reaction the solute undergoes.
Molarity: It does not depend on the type of reaction the solute undergoes.
Effect of Temperature
Normality: The temperature does not create any type of effect on the normality of a solution.
Molarity: The temperature creates various effects on a solution by increasing the volume.
Other Factors
Normality: It depends on the reactive species that is present in that solution.
Molarity: It depends on the temperature, volume, addition of more solutes, and the solubility of a solute.
Relation between Normality and Molarity
The term Normality of solution is described as a multiple of molarity. Molarity represents the concentration of a compound or ion in a solution. Normality provides the information about the amount of gram equivalent of compound present in the prepared solution while molarity provides the information about the number of moles present in the prepared solution.
What is Molality?
Answer:
Molality definition in chemistry
It provides information about the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. This term is usually used to describe the concentration of a solution. This important property of solution depends on the mass of the solvent and is also referred to as Molal concentration. The term of molality is usually denoted by the letter “m”.
Molality formula
The formula of this term is expressed in the following way:
Molality (m) = Number of moles of solute/kilograms of solvent
It must be remembered that the moles in relation to the mass of the solvent and not the mass of the solution in a chemical process.
Molality Units
The unit of molality is expressed as mol/kg. It expresses the ratio of moles of solute to the weight of solvent in kg.
What are the differences between Molarity and Molality?
Answer:
Differences between Molarity and Molality
Definition
Molarity: It expresses the moles of solute per liter of the solution.
Molality: It expresses the moles of solute to the volume of solvent per Kilograms.
Symbol
Molarity: The symbol of Molarity is “M”
Molality: The symbol of Normality is “m”
Dependence
Molarity: It depends on the temperature and atmospheric pressure.
Molality: It depends on the solvent weight in kilograms.
Unit
Molarity: The unit of this term is mol/L.
Molality: The unit of this term is mol/kg.
What is a Mole in chemistry?
A mole represents a unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI) for measuring the amount of substance. In the field of chemistry, a mole is defined as the actual amount of a substance containing the same number of chemical units (atoms, molecules, etc.) as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 (i.e., 6.022 X 1023).
It shows the amount of a chemical substance that can be found in as many elementary entities as atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, or photons.
Mole formula
The number of moles of a given pure can be represented by the following formula:
n = N/NA
Where,
n = the number of moles of the substance or elementary entity.
N = the total number of elementary entities in the sample, and
NA = the Avogadro constant.
What is Avogadro’s Number?
Answer:
Avogadro’s Number definition
Avogadro’s Number or Avogadro’s constant shows the units in one mole of any substance. The Avogadro’s Number or Avogadro’s constant is equal to 6.022140857×1023. This unit can be atoms, molecules, electrons, or ions. It depends on the character of the reaction and the nature of the substance. This number is the experimentally determined number.
Avogadro’s Number History
Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856) was an Italian chemist and a lawyer. He was famous his hypothesis in 1811 that relates equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure containing the same number of particles regardless based on their chemical nature and physical properties.
Josef Loschmidt, an Austrian high school teacher was first able to estimate the actual number of particles in a given amount of a substance based on their chemical nature and physical properties at the same temperature and pressure by using kinetic molecular theory in one cubic centimeter of gas at standard conditions. He measured the accepted value of this constant is 2.6867773 x 1025 m-3.
The term for Avogadro’s Number or Avogadro’s constant was first used by French physicist Jean Baptiste Perrin in 1909 after working the experiments on Brownian motion which relates to the random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a liquid or gas.
Avogadro’s Number unit
The unit for Avogadro’s Number or Avogadro’s constant is mole which describes the amount of extremely small items. These items can be molecules, compounds, atoms electrons, or ions. It can also be shortened down to just mol in some issues.
Avogadro’s Number Symbol
The symbol for Avogadro’s Number or Avogadro’s constant is NA or L.
Avogadro’s Number Formula
The formula for Avogadro’s Number or Avogadro’s constant is given below:
NA = 6.0220 x 1023 mol-1.
Avogadro’s Constant Importance
The Avogadro’s Number or Avogadro’s constant is very important to evaluate the chemical substances at the atomic level using atomic mass units. The Avogadro’s Number or Avogadro’s constant makes a relationship between atomic mass units and grams by setting 1 amu equal to 1.66 x 10-24 grams.
What is a Molar Mass?
Answer:
Molar mass definition
The molar mass of a compound is defined as the mass of the number of molecules of the compound. A mole of any related substance contains an exactly defined number of particles, N = 6.02214076×1023.
Molar mass unit
It is an important property of any substance, that doesn’t depend upon the dimensions of the taken sample. The molar mass unit is kg/mol or g/mol.
Molar Mass formula
It is the mass of a given sample divided by the quantity of the sample. The molar mass formula is given below:
Molar Mass= Mass of given substance/amount of substance in the taken sample
Molar Mass Calculation
The molar mass of a substance can be calculated easily by adding the quality atomic masses (in g/mol) of the constituent atoms. For example, the mass of titanium is 47.88 g/mol or 47.88 amu. There’s one mole or 6.022 x 1023 titanium atoms in 47.88 grams of titanium.
Molar Mass characteristic
The Molar Mass characteristic of a given sample is just the mass in g/mol. It can be calculated by multiplying the mass in amu by the molar mass constant (1 g/mol). To calculate this value a compound with multiple atoms, must sum all the mass of the constituent atoms properly.
What is the neutralization point in titration?
Answer:
Neutralization point definition
The neutralization point in titration relates to the amount of titrant added where there is nothing in the solution but salt. It indicates that the neutralization reaction is complete. This phenomenon occurs when a definite amount of reactant of the standard solution is added to the solution of the other reactant when the concentration is unknown. The pH value comes to 7 at the time of reacting a strong acid and a strong base.
What is the equivalence point in titration?
Answer:
Equivalence point definition
The equivalence point or stoichiometric point in a titration shows where the amount of titrant added is enough to completely neutralize the solution for analysis. The mole of titrant in the standard solution is completely equal to the moles of the solution whose concentration is unknown.
What is the difference between the endpoint and the equivalence point?
Answer:
Difference between endpoint and equivalence point in the titration
Definition
Equivalence point: The equivalence point indicates the definite amount of titrant added is enough to completely neutralize the analyte solution properly.
Endpoint: It is the point that shows the changes in color due to the changes in pH.
Occurrence
Equivalence point: It occurs before reaches the endpoint.
Endpoint: It occurs after the equivalence point.
Completion
Equivalence point: It is not the completion of the titration reaction.
Endpoint: It shows the completion of the titration reaction.
What is ppm in chemistry?
Answer:
ppm full form in chemistry
ppm full form is parts per million which is commonly used as a dimensionless measure of small concentrations of various substances.
ppm definition in chemistry
It is a one-kind way of expressing the very much dilute concentrations of any substance. It means parts per million which relates to the out of a million to describe the concentration of something. One ppm value is completely equivalent to 1 milligram of substance per liter of water (mg/l) or 1 milligram of substance per kilogram of soil (mg/kg).
ppm formula
The ppm formula is given below:
ppm (Parts Per Million) = (mass of solute in gram/volume of solution in milliliter ) x 106
How to calculate the ppm?
ppm can be calculated by determining the mass or volume of solute per unit volume of solution. Then it must multiply that amount by 1 million. For instance, if you had 7g of salt dissolved in 700ml of water, you would divide 7g/700ml to get 0.01g/ml and then multiply 0.01g/mL by 1 million to calculate 10,000 ppm.
1 ppm is equal to 0.0001 percent of the solution in a given substance.
1 ppm is equal to 1 milli of various units such as a milligram per liter of water, milligram per kg, etc.
1 ppm is equal to 1/1,000,000 fraction of any substance.
What is ppb in chemistry?
Answer:
ppb full form in chemistry
ppb full form is parts per billion which is a commonly used unit of concentration for very small values
ppb definition chemistry (parts per billion)
It represents the concentration of something in water or soil. It shows one microgram of substance per liter of water (ug/l), or one microgram of substance per kilogram of soil (ug/kg).
1 ppb is equal to 0.0000001 percent of the solution in a given substance.
1 ppb is equal to 1/1,000,000,000 fraction of any substance.
Units of ppb (parts per billion)
The unit of ppb or parts per billion is microgram per kilogram or ug/kg. Another unit of ppb or parts per billion is microgram per liter or ug/l.
ppm and ppb relation
ppm and ppb both express the concentration of solution in a smaller way. Ppm and ppb can be converted to each other by using the following relationship:
1 part per million (ppm) = 1,000 parts per billion (ppb).
What are the differences between ppm and ppb?
Answer:
ppm and ppb differences
Full forms
ppm: It full form is parts per million.
ppb: Its full form is parts per billion.
Definition
ppm: It defines the parts per million which relates the out of a million to describe the concentration of something.
ppb: It defines the parts per billion which relates the out of a billion to describe the concentration of something.
Units
ppm: The units of ppm are mg/l or mg/kg.
ppb: The units of ppb are ug/l or ug/kg.
What is the hardness of water?
Answer:
Hardness of water definition
The hardness of water is defined as the containing of soluble bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates of calcium and magnesium in water molecules. The hard water does not create a lather with soap.
Water is generally classified as hard water and soft water.
Soft water
It has the ability to form lathers with soap. The rainwater is an example of soft water which is perfect for household purposes, for example, laundry and cleaning.
Hard water
It contains calcium and magnesium salts. Hard water does not produce leather with soap but instead forms a precipitate.
Types of Hardness of Water
The hardness of water is classified into two following groups:
Temporary Hardness
Permanent Hardness
Temporary Hardness of Water
Temporary Hardness of Water is created when water contains magnesium and calcium carbonates. The temporary Hardness of water can be removed easily by boiling the water. The Mg (HCO3)2 is converted to Mg (OH)2 at the time of heating and the hardness of the water is removed easily.
Permanent Hardness of Water
The permanent Hardness of Water creates for containing salts of magnesium and calcium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling. The Permanent hardness of water can be removed easily by treating the water with washing soda. At that time, Insoluble carbonates are formed, and thus, hard water is converted to soft water.
What is Redox’s reaction?
Answer:
Redox reaction definition
Redox reactions are the combinations of oxidation-reduction chemical reactions. The reactants undergo a change in their oxidation states. This reaction involves the electron transfer from one species to another. The oxidation state (oxidation number) of two species changes with one being reduced and one being oxidized. It associates the number of electrons a species will give or receive at the time of formation bonding.
Redox reaction example
- Zn + CuSO4 —-à Cu + ZnSO4
- 4Fe + 3O2 —-à 2Fe2O3
- H2 + F2 —-à 2HF
What is Oxidation?
Answer:
Oxidation definition
Oxidation is a type of chemical reaction that defines the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom, or ion. In another way, it defines is as a chemical species that gains oxygen or loses hydrogen then the oxidation process occurs. In this process, the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion is increased.
Oxidation example
An example of an oxidation reaction is that between hydrogen and chlorine gas to form hydrochloric acid:
H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl
In this reaction, hydrogen is oxidized and Chlorine is reduced. The reaction can be understood easily if it is written in terms of two half-reactions.
H2 → 2 H+ + 2 e–
Cl2 + 2 e– → 2Cl–
What is the Oxidation number?
Answer:
Oxidation number
The oxidation number of an atom is expressed as the charge whether positive or negative gained at the time of sharing or transferring electrons during the formation of a bond with atoms of another element in a molecule. It is also called an atom oxidation state.
What is Reduction in chemistry?
Answer:
Reduction definition
It is one type of chemical process that relates to the addition of hydrogen or any electropositive element or the removal of oxygen or any electronegative element at the time of a chemical reaction.
According to the modern electronic concept, it is defined as the chemical process in which an atom or ion gains one or more electrons during a chemical reaction.
Reduction Example
An example of a reduction reaction is that between hydrogen and chlorine gas to form hydrochloric acid:
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
In this reaction, hydrogen is oxidized and Chlorine is reduced. The reaction can be understood easily if it is written in terms of two half-reactions.
H2 → 2 H+ + 2 e–
Cl2 + 2 e– → 2Cl–
What is an oxidizing agent?
Answer:
Oxidizing agent definition
An oxidizing agent is a type of chemical species that has the ability to oxidize other substances, i.e. cause an increase in the oxidation state of the substance by losing one or more electrons from the valence shell during a redox reaction.. They are also known as oxidants or oxidizers.
Oxidizing agent examples
Common examples of oxidizing agents include ozone, oxygen, potassium nitrate, nitric acid halogens (such as chlorine and fluorine), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
What is a reducing agent?
Answer:
Reducing agent definition
A reducing agent is a type of chemical species that has the ability to reduce other substances, i.e. cause a reduction in the oxidation state of the substance by receiving one or more electrons from the valence shell during a redox reaction.. They are also known as reductants.
Reducing agent examples
Common examples of reducing agents include Oxalic acid, Sodium borohydride, Thiosulfates, Zinc amalgam, Sodium amalgam, Sodium lead alloy, Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), Diborane, etc.
Oxidizing Agent vs Reducing Agent
An oxidizing agent gains electrons, whereas a reducing agent loses electrons. An oxidizing agent is reduced in a chemical reaction, whereas a reducing agent is oxidized during a chemical reaction.
What is an acid in chemistry?
Answer:
Acid definition in chemistry
According to the Arrhenius theory, an acid is a substance that has the ability to donate a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance.
According to the Lewis concept, acids are molecules or ions that have the capability of coordinating with unshared electron pairs.
30 examples of acid
Nitric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Sulfuric acid, Carbonic acid, Uric acid, Tannic acid, Ascorbic acid, Citric acid, Tartaric acid, Acetic acid, Boric acid, Hydrofluoric acid, Oxalic acid, Acetylsalicylic acid, Fluoroantimonic acid, Perchloric acid, Magic acid, Deoxyribonucleic acid, Ribonucleic acid, Phosphoric acid, chlorous acid, Hydrobromic acid, Fluosulphonic acid, Hyposelenic acid, Succinic acid, Lactic acid, Nitrous acid, Gluconic acid, p-Toluenesulfonic acid, and Benzoic acid are used very much at chemistry lab.
Types of acid
There are mainly two types of acids namely inorganic acid like Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Organic acid like Benzoic acid (C6H5COOH).
Properties of acid
The solution of acid contains a pH of less than 7.
The acid solution has a bitter flavour so never try to taste them.
The acid solution can conduct electricity.
What is a base in chemistry?
Answer:
Base definition in chemistry
According to the Arrhenius theory, a base is a substance that has the ability to produce an OH– ion in its solution.
According to the Lewis concept, bases are molecules as electron-pair donors.
The Bronsted-Lowry theory defines a base as a proton acceptor.
10 examples of bases
Some common example of bases includes Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH), Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), Rubidium Hydroxide (RbOH), Magnesium Hydroxide Mg(OH)₂, Barium Hydroxide Ba(OH)₂, Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)₂, Strontium Hydroxide Sr(OH)₂, Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3), Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are used very much at chemistry lab.
Types of bases
There are five types of bases namely strong base, weak base, neutral base, super base, and solid base.
Properties of Base
The solution of bases contains a pH of more than 7.
The base solution has a bitter flavour so never try to taste them.
The base solution can conduct electricity.
What is salt in chemistry?
Answer:
Salt definition in chemistry
A salt is a compound produced from a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base. In that reaction, the base exchanges its cation with the hydrogen ion (H+) of the acid molecule.
Example of salts
Some common example of salts is Potassium chloride, Sodium chloride, Calcium chloride, Copper sulfate, Magnesium sulfate, Potassium permanganate, etc. are used very much in the chemistry lab.
What are the differences between acids and bases?
Answer:
Acids vs bases
Definition
Acid: An acid is any chemical species that produces hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution.
Base: A base is any chemical species that produces hydroxyl ions in an aqueous solution.
Strength
Acid: The strength of any acid depends on the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution.
Base: The strength of any base depends on the concentration of hydroxyl ions in an aqueous solution.
Test with Litmus
Acid: An acid has the ability to turn blue litmus red.
Base: A base has the ability to turn red litmus blue.
Examples
Acid: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, etc.
Base: NaOH, KOH, etc.
What are Spectator ions?
Answer:
Spectator ions definition
Spectator ions do not take part in chemical reactions and present the same on both sides of the reactions. These ions can be canceled from both sides of the equation. These ions may be either cations (positively charged ions) or anions (negatively charged ions). These ions do not affect equilibrium and are unchanged on both sides of a chemical equation.
Spectator ion examples
When NaCl reacts with AgCl, it forms an AgCl precipitate. The other ions Na+ and NO3– ions are present in ionic form in the solution that acts as spectator ions.
Na+ + Cl– + Ag+ + NO3– → AgCl (s) + Na+ + NO3–
What is pH in chemistry?
Answer:
pH definition in chemistry
pH is the measurement technique of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. It expresses the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
What is the pH scale?
Answer:
pH scale definition
pH scale helps to identify the proper ph of any solution. This scale contains a range from 0 to 14.
How to calculate pH?
Answer:
pH of any solution can be measured by pH paper or pH meter. An acidic solution contains a pH of less than 7, whereas a basic solution contains a pH of more than 7.
pH Equation
The pH equation was first introduced by Danish biochemist Søren Peter Lauritz in 1909 which is given below:
pH = -log[H+]
Where log is the base-10 logarithm and [H+] represents the hydrogen ion concentration in units of mol/L solution.
What is pOH?
Answer:
pOH definition in chemistry
It is a technique to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution by determining the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–). This value is less than for alkaline solution, whereas acidic solution has pOH more than 7 values at 25 degrees Celcius.
pOH equation
The pOH equation is given below:
pOH = – log [OH−]
pH vs pOH
pH measures the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, whereas pOH measures the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution. The pH and pOH scale ranges from 0 to 14. The pOH scale works in a similar way to the pH scale but in the reverse process.
What are cations?
Answer:
Cations
Cations are generally positively charged ions when lose one or more than one electron. It contains fewer electrons than protons. Cation shows a net positive charge.
Cation examples
Some common examples of cations are hydrogen (H+), Sodium ion (Na+), Aluminum ion (Al3+), etc.
What are anions?
Answer:
Anions
Anions are generally negatively charged ions that are mostly formed when non-metal gains electrons. Therefore, anions possess a net negative charge.
Examples of anion
Some examples of anions are hydroxide (OH–), Chloride ion (Cl–), Oxide ion (O2-), etc.
What are the differences between cations and anions?
Answer:
Cations vs anions
Definition
Cations: Cations are positively charged atoms or molecules.
Anions: Anions are negatively charged atoms or molecules.
Charge type
Cations: They contain a positive charge.
Anions: They contain a negative charge.
Type of element
Cations: Cations are mostly formed in metallic elements.
Anions: Anions are mostly formed in non-metallic elements.
Examples
Cations: Hydrogen (H+), Sodium ion (Na+), Aluminum ion (Al3+), etc.
Anions: Hydroxide (OH–), Chloride ion (Cl–), Oxide ion (O2-), etc.
What is a functional group in chemistry?
Answer:
Functional group definition
Functional groups are the main reactive parts in organic compounds and contain the major properties of compounds. It consists of an atom/group of atoms that joined in a specific way and is responsible for focusing on the characteristics of organic chemical compounds.
Types of functional group
Some common functional groups are the hydroxyl group (-OH), aldehyde group (-CHO), ketonic group (-CO-), carboxylic acid group (-COOH), etc.
Chemistry lab skills
There are various chemistry lab skills to conduct experiments properly in a chemistry laboratory. They are discussed below:
Lab Safety Practices
Students, teachers, professionals, and scientists need to know how to be responsible in the basic chemistry laboratory because Lab safety is essential to prevent various accidents and keep everyone safe.
Analytical Methods
There are various analytical methods to conduct experiments in a chemistry lab. So these methods must be known to identify, characterize, and quantify different compounds in the chemistry lab.
Sample Preparation
Sample preparation methods should be known for various analyses. It makes the chemistry lab work more affordable and less time-consuming.
Test Methods
It should know the test methods of samples at the chemistry lab such as looking at the composition of a sample, seeing interactions, or determining if regulation is met.
Understand Lab Equipment
It must be known about the various chemistry lab equipment uses because the equipment at the chemistry lab is expensive such as NMR machine, TGA machine, FTIR machine, XRD machine, SEM machine, HPLC machine, GC machine, etc.
Documentation & Reporting
It must have the skill of documentation and reporting including compiling data and research. It helps to communicate complex concepts effectively with others.
Conclusion
Chemistry lab or chemical lab is considered part and parcel of knowing chemistry well. A lot of chemical-related information can be known from a chemistry lab. The chemical-related research as well as chemical reaction information can be known from a chemistry lab. So, a chemistry lab or chemical lab is the most attractive place for students, teachers, researchers, and professionals.
