A standard solution contains a defined and correct quantity of the substance to achieve a specific volume of known concentration solution. It is generally prepared by dissolving a specific amount of solute in water and then diluting it with more water to make a precise volume. The concentration of this solution is expressed in terms of moles per liter (mol/L) or molarity (M).
Standard solution definition
A standard solution is one type of chemical solution that contains a specific concentration of a substance or element. This type of solution is generally prepared by dissolving the accurate weight of a substance in a precise volume of solvent. The solute of this solution must be stable and pure. This solution is very much used to determine the concentration of an unknown substance.
Standard solution examples
Standard solution examples are 0.1M oxalic acid solution, 0.1M sodium carbonate solution, 0.2M potassium dichromate solution, 1M silver nitrate solution, 2M sodium chloride solution, etc.
Standard solution Preparation
A standard solution can be prepared by following some instructions. Firstly, it should weigh out the specific amount of primary standard chemical on an electronic balance to make up the known volume of this solution. Secondly, the definite amount of chemical solid is then transferred into the rinsed volumetric flask. Thirdly, a specific volume of the distilled water must be added to the volumetric flask to dissolve the chemical properly and to make up the required volume. Finally, we get the standard solution which must be labeled for further usage.
Standard solution properties
The concentration of this solution does not change with time.
The equilibrium point can be identified by a suitable method.
The purity of this solution is very high and always stable.
This solution is prepared with high precision which is essential for accurate measurement purposes.
Standard solution uses
A standard solution is used during titration to determine the concentration of an unknown substance.
This solution is used in spectroscopy for identifying and quantifying substances by their absorption of light.
This solution is used in chromatography for separating and identifying the various substances accurately.
This solution is used in many areas of analytical chemistry and other sciences to measure various substances accurately.
Standard solution Types
Standard solution is of two types namely primary and secondary standard solution.
Primary standard solution
Primary standard solution is a type of solution that contains a high level of purity but has low reactivity. This solution has higher stability and higher equivalent weight.
Primary standard solution examples
Primary standard solution examples include Sodium chloride, Zinc powder, Potassium hydrogen phthalate, Potassium hydrogen iodate, Potassium dichromate, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, Sodium carbonate, oxalic acid, etc.
Sodium chloride or common salt is a crystalline solid and white colored compound. The sodium chloride formula is NaCl. Sodium chloride’s molecular weight is 58.44g/mol. Sodium chloride properties include water-solubility, induction properties, and crystallinity. The sodium chloride melting point is 801°C. The sodium chloride boiling point is 1,413°C. Sodium chloride’s molecular weight is 58.44 g/mol. Sodium chloride density is 2.165 g/cm3.
Sodium chloride is used in cleaning industries, cosmetic industries, paper industries, textile industries, water treatment industries, etc.
Sodium chloride applications include as food seasoning, as a natural preservative, as enhancing the natural colors of foods, as creating a brine for marinating foods, cleaning pots and pans, preventing mold, removing stains and grease, as a fire extinguisher, and as the constructing materials.
Sodium chloride chemical is very much used as a primary standard chemical for the purpose of silver nitrate (AgNO3) reactions.
Zinc powder chemical is very much used as a primary standard chemical for the purpose of standardizing EDTA solutions after it has been dissolved in various strong acids like hydrochloric or sulfuric acid.
Potassium hydrogen phthalate (C8H5KO4) is very much used as a primary standard chemical for the purpose of standardizing perchloric acid and an aqueous base in an acetic acid solution.
Sodium carbonate Soda ash or washing soda is an inorganic chemical compound. The sodium carbonate formula is Na2CO3. Sodium carbonate properties include crystallinity, water solubility, and odorless compounds. Sodium carbonate’s molecular weight is 105.9888 g/mol. Sodium carbonate density is 2.54 g/cm³. Sodium carbonate melting point is 851 °C. Sodium carbonate boiling point is 1,600 °C.
Sodium carbonate is used in fertilizer industries, pharmaceutical industries, brick industries, cosmetic industries, water treatment industries, etc.
Sodium carbonate application includes as the manufacture of detergents, soaps, paper, water glass (sodium silicate), borax, and sodium phosphate, and acts as the pH modifier.
Sodium carbonate is very much used as a primary standard chemical for the purpose of titrating acids.
Potassium hydrogen iodate [KH (IO3)2] is very much used as a primary standard chemical for the purpose of titrating bases.
Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is very much used as a primary standard chemical for the purpose of redox reactions.
Tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane [(HOCH2)3CNH2] is very much used as a primary standard chemical for the purpose of titrating acids.
Oxalic acid or Ethanedioic acid or Oxiric acid is a common dicarboxylic acid. Oxalic acid formula is C2H2O4. Oxalic acid properties include crystalline solid, soluble in water. Oxalic acid acts as a reducing agent and chelating agent.
Oxalic acid’s molecular weight is 90.03 g/mol. Oxalic acid density is 1.90 g cm−3. Oxalic acid melting point ranges between 189 to 191 °C.
In most cases oxalic acid is found in crystalline dehydrate. So, the Oxalic acid’s chemical formula is H2C2O4.2H2O in most cases. As a result, the molecular weight of oxalic acid is 126.
The oxalic acid equivalent weight formula is H2C2O4.2H2O. Oxalic acid’s equivalent weight is 63 grams.
Oxalic acid is used in textile industries, pharmaceutical industries, cosmetic industries, water treatment industries, etc.
Oxalic acid application includes the dyeing process as a mordant, removing rust, on marble sculptures to make them shine, the manufacture of dye, removing food and ink stains, developing photographic film, and removing calcium deposits.
Secondary standard solution
A secondary standard solution is one type of reagent that has been standardized against a primary standard. The concentration of this solution can be determined by titrating it against a specific volume of a primary standard instead of by weighing it out and dissolving it in a solvent. This solution contains less purity, less stability, and high reactivity.
Secondary standard solution example
Secondary standard solution example includes Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solution, Nitric acid (HNO3) solution, etc.
Sodium hydroxide caustic soda or lye is a common ingredient in cleaners and soaps. Sodium hydroxide is a white and odorless solid material at room temperature. It has good reactive properties with strong acids and with water. This chemical is highly corrosive and can react with moisture from the air. This chemical is very much used in bar soaps and detergents.
NaOH is a very suitable drain cleaner for unclogging pipes. Sodium hydroxide or caustic soda is very much used in the paper industry. Moreover, this chemical is used to fuel cell production, cure food, and remove skin from vegetables for canning. This chemical is found to be used for bleaching, paper recycling, aluminum ore processing, pickling, pain relievers, oxide coating, and cotton fabric processing. NaOH is also used as an anticoagulant to prevent blood clots, water treatment, and cholesterol-reducing medications.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) hydrogen chloride or muriatic acid is a common inorganic chemical. HCl is a very strong acid and colorless, highly odorous compound. It is viscous and corrosive in nature. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used in the processing of leather, the production of gelatin, the production of chlorides, the production of fertilizers, the manufacture of dye, the production of organic compounds like PVC, regulate the PH of solutions, and stimulation of oil production.
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) Mattling acid or Oil of vitriol is a strong mineral acid with hygroscopic and oxidizing properties. This acid has a strong acidic nature and is corrosive. Sulfuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent and dehydrating agent. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is odorless and has no color. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is water-soluble and releases heat when dissolved in water. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) has a molecular weight or molar mass is 98.079 g/mol. Sulfuric acid density is 1.84 g/cm³. The sulfuric acid boiling point is 337 °C. The sulfuric acid melting point is 10 °C.
Sulfuric acid is used to make fertilizers, production of steel and iron, chemical manufacturing industries, petroleum refining, production of phosphoric acid, removal of rust from steel and iron, nylon, and ammonium sulfate.
Nitric Acid or spirit of niter or aqua fortis is a strong mineral acid that is a highly corrosive, fuming, and colorless inorganic compound. Nitric Acid chemical formula is HNO3. The pH of this solution is approximately 3.01. Nitric Acid’s molecular weight is 63.01 g/mol. Nitric Acid density is 1.51 g/cm³. Nitric Acid melting point is -42 °C. Nitric Acid boiling point is 83 °C.
Nitric acid is used to manufacture plastic, dye, TNT, and fertilizers. Nitric acid application includes the removal of the wart, liquid-fueled rockets as an oxidizer and as a chemical doping agent in electrochemistry.
Secondary standard solution properties
This solution’s properties include less stability, lower molecular weight, hygroscopic in nature, lower purity, etc.
The secondary standard solution uses
This solution is used during acid-base titration, oxidation, reduction titration, precipitation titration, and complexometric titration.
Primary standard vs secondary standard solution
Primary standard solution and secondary standard solution differences
Differences between primary standard solution and secondary standard solution on the basis of definition
A primary standard is prepared from primary standard substances.
Secondary standards is prepared from secondary standard substances.
Differences between primary standard solution and secondary standard solution on the basis of purity
A primary standard solution is extremely pure.
The secondary standards solution is not very pure.
Differences between primary standard solution and secondary standard solution on the basis of stability
A primary standard is very stable.
The secondary standards are not very stable.
Differences between primary standard solution and secondary standard solution on the basis of reactivity
A primary standard is not very reactive.
The secondary standards are very reactive.
Differences between primary standard solution and secondary standard solution on the basis of molecular weight
A primary standard contains a higher molecular weight than a secondary standard solution.
A secondary standard contains less molecular weight than a primary standard solution.
On the basis of availability
A primary standard solution is very available and inexpensive.
The secondary standard solution is less available and expensive.
On the basis of moisture absorb property
The primary standard is less hygroscopic in nature.
The secondary standard is very hygroscopic in nature.
On the basis of the application
A primary standard solution is used to determine the unknown concentration of a solution that undergoes a particular chemical reaction.
A secondary standard solution is used to determine specific analytical experiments.
